{"id":4286,"date":"2014-08-02T00:00:00","date_gmt":"2014-08-02T00:00:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/ourlandourbusiness.org\/europe-lukraine-est-elle-prete-pour-les-accaparements-de-terres\/"},"modified":"2019-09-12T23:03:29","modified_gmt":"2019-09-12T23:03:29","slug":"europe-lukraine-est-elle-prete-pour-les-accaparements-de-terres","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/ourlandourbusiness.org\/fr\/europe-lukraine-est-elle-prete-pour-les-accaparements-de-terres\/","title":{"rendered":"EUROPE: L\u2019Ukraine Est-elle Pr\u00eate Pour les Accaparements de Terres?"},"content":{"rendered":"

Source: IPS<\/p>\n

August 2, 2014<\/span><\/p>\n

NEW YORK, Aug 2 (IPS) – In the midst of the exodus of some 100,000 people from conflict-stricken eastern Ukraine, ongoing fighting in the Donetsk and Luhansk urban strongholds between Ukrainian soldiers and separatist rebels, and negotiations for more sanctions against Russia, it is difficult to focus on the most subtle changes taking place in this Eastern European country.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

But as the world’s attention has been directed towards the political crisis, radical economic reforms are being introduced under the leadership of newly elected President Petro Poroshenko, who recently negotiated agreements with the World Bank and the World Bank. International Monetary Fund that annoys advocacy groups.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Even before Poroshenko took office on 7 June, the International Financial Institutions (IFIs) were hastily sending emergency missions to the country, with the head of the IMF’s European Department, Reza Moghadam, who said during a visit March 7th: “I am positively impressed by the determination, the sense of the authorities of responsibility and the commitment of the authorities to a program of economic reform”.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

After years of suspension of a $ 17 billion loan – partly withheld because of deposed President Viktor Yanukovich’s refusal to implement a highly contested pension reform bill that would have raised the age of the 10-year retirement, and its insistence on cutting gas prices that are on the rise – the IMF has now released its purse strings.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

The World Bank did the same, announcing a $ 3.5 billion aid package on May 22, which bank chairman Jim Yong Kim said was conditional on the government “removing the restrictions on the economy.” competition and […] limits the role of State control in economic activities “.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

While these reforms include calls for greater transparency to spur economic growth, experts fear that Ukraine’s fast-paced neoliberal policies in the West can not be catastrophic, especially in the huge agricultural sector. which is widely regarded as the “breadbasket of Europe”.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Silent land grabbingUkraine is the third largest cotton exporter and the fifth largest wheat exporter in the world. <\/span>Agriculture accounts for about 10 percent of gross domestic product (GDP), with vast fields of fertile land producing exceptional crops of grain each year.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Selon les pr\u00e9visions pour 2013 effectu\u00e9es par le minist\u00e8re de l’Agriculture des Etats-Unis, l’Ukraine \u00e9tait en passe de devenir le deuxi\u00e8me plus grand exportateur de c\u00e9r\u00e9ales au monde (apr\u00e8s les Etats-Unis), exportant plus de 30 millions de tonnes de c\u00e9r\u00e9ales du pays en 2013.<\/p>\n

La Banque mondiale estime qu\u2019en 2012 les agriculteurs et les ouvriers agricoles repr\u00e9sentaient 17 pour cent de la population active du pays. Et selon le Centre d’\u00e9tudes orientales, les exportations agricoles ont grimp\u00e9 au cours de la derni\u00e8re d\u00e9cennie, de 4,3 milliards de dollars en 2005 \u00e0 17,9 milliards de dollars en 2012.<\/p>\n

Un sol riche et une culture agraire riche ne signifient pas imm\u00e9diatement des dividendes \u00e0 l’\u00e9chelle nationale. Les investisseurs potentiels ont cit\u00e9 la “bureaucratie” et la “corruption” comme des obstacles au d\u00e9veloppement, ainsi que d’un h\u00e9ritage communiste qui interdit la vente de terres.<\/p>\n

Mais la derni\u00e8re d\u00e9cennie a vu un changement brusque dans le secteur agricole de l’Ukraine, avec des investisseurs et des entreprises agricoles \u00e9trangers qui \u00e9largissent grandement l\u2019appropriation et l\u2019influence dans le pays.<\/p>\n

Selon un rapport publi\u00e9 le 28 juillet par ‘Oakland Institute’, bas\u00e9 aux Etats-Unis, plus de 1,6 millions d’hectares de terres ont \u00e9t\u00e9 transf\u00e9r\u00e9es \u00e0 des entreprises multinationales depuis 2002, y compris “plus de 405.000 hectares \u00e0 une soci\u00e9t\u00e9 cot\u00e9e au Luxembourg, 444.800 hectares \u00e0 des investisseurs agr\u00e9\u00e9s \u00e0 Chypre, 120.000 hectares \u00e0 une soci\u00e9t\u00e9 fran\u00e7aise, et 250.000 hectares \u00e0 une entreprise russe”.<\/p>\n

Un accord n\u00e9goci\u00e9 entre la Chine et Ianoukovitch avant la crise politique \u2013 aujourd\u2019hui contest\u00e9 sous le r\u00e9gime actuel \u2013 accordait \u00e0 Beijing le contr\u00f4le sur quelque trois millions d’hectares de terres agricoles dans l’est, une zone de la taille de la Belgique qui repr\u00e9sente cinq pour cent des terres arables de l’Ukraine.<\/p>\n

Ce changement climatique a \u00e9t\u00e9 une aubaine pour les investisseurs et les entreprises, avec Michael Cox, directeur de la recherche \u00e0 la banque d’investissement ‘Piper Jaffray’, qui se r\u00e9f\u00e8re \u00e0 l’Ukraine comme l’un des “march\u00e9s de croissance les plus prometteurs pour le g\u00e9ant de fabrication du mat\u00e9riel agricole, Deere, ainsi que pour les producteurs de semences Monsanto et DuPont”.<\/p>\n

Ces d\u00e9clarations ont suscit\u00e9 une lev\u00e9e de bouclier parmi les chercheurs et les organisations de surveillance du commerce.<\/p>\n

La directrice ex\u00e9cutive de ‘Oakland Institute’, Anuradha Mital, a d\u00e9clar\u00e9 \u00e0 IPS: “Les IFI imposent des Programmes d’ajustement structurel (PAS) en Ukraine, qui, nous le savons \u2013 \u00e0 partir de l’exp\u00e9rience du tiers-monde \u2013 entra\u00eeneront sans doute de graves mesures d’aust\u00e9rit\u00e9 pour le peuple et augmenteront la pauvret\u00e9 parmi les Ukrainiens”.<\/p>\n

“L’Ukraine est aussi l’un des 10 pays-pilotes du nouveau projet ‘Benchmarking the Business of Agriculture’ (BBA) de la Banque mondiale”, a indiqu\u00e9 Mittal \u00e0 IPS, en r\u00e9f\u00e9rence \u00e0 une initiative nouvelle, encore au stade de d\u00e9veloppement, qui est li\u00e9e aux classements controvers\u00e9s ‘Doing Business’ de la banque.<\/p>\n

Cet indice a \u00e9t\u00e9 critiqu\u00e9 par plusieurs groupes, y compris la Conf\u00e9d\u00e9ration syndicale internationale (CSI) \u2013 qui regroupe plus de 176 millions de membres venus de 161 pays \u2013 pour le fait qu\u2019il favorise de faibles taxes pour les soci\u00e9t\u00e9s transnationales et abaisse les normes du travail dans les pays en d\u00e9veloppement comme un moyen d’attirer l’investissement \u00e9tranger.<\/p>\n

La Banque elle-m\u00eame dit que le projet BBA servira en grande partie d\u2019outil pour am\u00e9liorer la production agricole.<\/p>\n

“Le monde a besoin de nourrir neuf milliards de personnes d’ici \u00e0 2050”, a soulign\u00e9 \u00e0 IPS, un porte-parole de la Banque mondiale.<\/p>\n

“Pour que les petits fermiers soient plus productifs et beaucoup plus comp\u00e9titifs, ils doivent avoir acc\u00e8s \u00e0 la terre, au financement, \u00e0 des semences am\u00e9lior\u00e9es, aux engrais, \u00e0 l’eau, \u00e0 l’\u00e9lectricit\u00e9, au transport et aux march\u00e9s”.<\/p>\n

“En identifiant et en suivant les politiques et r\u00e8glements qui limitent l’acc\u00e8s des petits producteurs \u00e0 ces \u00e9l\u00e9ments essentiels du succ\u00e8s, [le projet] BBA est en train d\u2019\u00eatre con\u00e7u comme un outil pour promouvoir un environnement favorable qui renforce les entreprises agricoles locales et r\u00e9gionales”, a-t-elle conclu.<\/p>\n

David Sedik, responsable principal des politiques au bureau r\u00e9gional de l’Organisation pour l\u2019alimentation et l’agriculture (FAO) pour l’Europe et l’Asie du centre, estime qu\u2019une telle initiative est grandement n\u00e9cessaire en Ukraine, o\u00f9 “les principaux b\u00e9n\u00e9ficiaires des subventions accord\u00e9es par le r\u00e9gime de la TVA agricole sont \u2026 de grandes soci\u00e9t\u00e9s agricoles, dont la grande majorit\u00e9 sont ukrainiennes”.<\/p>\n

“La liste des r\u00e9formes n\u00e9cessaires est assez longue, et pourrait commencer par la construction d’un march\u00e9 foncier plus transparent”, a-t-il indiqu\u00e9 \u00e0 IPS. “Un premier pas dans cette direction pourrait \u00eatre la lev\u00e9e du moratoire sur la vente de terrains”.<\/p>\n

“Le projet BBA semble soutenir la construction d’un syst\u00e8me transparent et inclusif de r\u00e9glementation agricole, quelque chose qui manque \u00e0 l\u2019Ukraine”, a ajout\u00e9 Sedik.<\/p>\n

Mais le co-auteur du rapport de ‘Oakland Institute’, Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric Mousseau, affirme que dit initiatives comme le projet BBA et d’autres existent principalement pour ouvrir les portes de l’Ukraine, jusqu’ici scell\u00e9es par ses traditions socialistes, aux capitaux \u00e9trangers.<\/p>\n

“Ces r\u00e9formes sonnent bien sur papier, mais quand vous regardez de plus pr\u00e8s, vous voyez qu’elles sont en r\u00e9alit\u00e9 con\u00e7ues pour profiter aux grandes soci\u00e9t\u00e9s multinationales au d\u00e9triment des travailleurs et des petits agriculteurs”, a d\u00e9clar\u00e9 Mousseau \u00e0 IPS.<\/p>\n

“Ranking systems like the [BBA] project promote contract farming, which means that farmers work for companies, rather than as subsistence producers.” We denounce this rhetoric, and the struggle that ‘accompanies between different foreign interests over the resources of Ukraine’.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Research on the impacts of the bank’s Doing Business rankings in eight countries – including Mali, Sierra Leone, Sri Lanka and the Philippines – yielded similar results: large increases in foreign investment and land grabbing in order to appear more ‘business friendly’ “.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

View Full Article at IPS <\/a><\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

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